Allam power cycle

The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle or Allam Cycle is a process for converting gaseous fuels into thermal energy, while capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water. This zero emissions cycle was validated at a 50 MWth natural gas fed test facility in La Porte, Texas in May of 2018. This industrial plant is owned and operated by NET Power LLC, a privately held technology licensing company. NET Power is owned by Exelon Corporation, McDermott International Ltd, Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy) Low Carbon Ventures, and 8 Rivers Capital. The two inventors behind the process are English engineer Rodney John Allam and American engineer Jeremy Eron Fetvedt.[1] The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle was recognized by MIT Technology Review on the 2018 list of 10 Breakthrough Technologies.[2]

Description


The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle that operates as a recuperated, high-pressure, Brayton cycle employing a transcritical CO2 working fluid with an oxy-fuel combustion regime. This cycle begins by burning a gaseous fuel with oxygen and a hot, high-pressure, recycled supercritical CO2 working fluid in a combustor. The recycled CO2 stream serves the dual purpose of lowering the combustion flame temperature to a manageable level and diluting the combustion products such that the cycle working fluid is predominantly CO2. The pressure in the combustor can be as high as approximately 30 MPa and the combustion feedstock consists of approximately 95% recycled CO2 by mass.  The combustor provides a high-pressure exhaust that can be supplied to a turbine expander operating at a pressure ratio between 6 and 12. The expander discharge leaves as a subcritical CO2 mixture predominantly comingled with combustion derived water. This fluid enters an economizer heat exchanger, which cools the expander discharge down to below 65°C against the stream of CO2 that is being recycled to the combustor. Upon exiting the economizer heat exchanger, the expander exhaust is further cooled to near ambient temperature by a central cooling system, enabling liquid water to be removed from the working fluid and recycled for beneficial use.  

The remaining working fluid of nearly pure CO2 then enters a compression and pumping stage. The compression system consists of a conventional inter-cooled centrifugal compressor with an inlet pressure below the CO2 critical pressure. The CO2 working fluid is compressed and then cooled to near ambient temperature in the compressor after-cooler. At this point, the combination of compressing and cooling the working fluid permits it to achieve a density in excess of 500kg/m3. In this condition, the CO2 stream can be pumped to the high combustion pressure required using a multi-stage centrifugal pump.  Finally, the high-pressure working fluid is sent back through the economizer heat exchanger to be reheated and returned to the combustor.

The net CO2 product derived from the addition of fuel and oxygen in the combustor is removed from the high-pressure stream; at this point, the CO2 product is high-pressure and high purity, ready for sequestration or utilization without requiring further compression. A simplified flowsheet for this cycle can be seen in Figure 1.

[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Mass flow of the Allam cycle components for natural gas fuel (percent of total mass entering the combustion stage)
Stage of the cycle Oxygen Natural

gas

 Water (H2O) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Combustion Inlet 4.75% 1.25% – 94% (hot, high pressure)
Turbine Inlet – – 2.75% (very hot steam) 97.25% (very hot)
Heat Exchanger Inlet (Exhaust) – – 2.75% (hot steam) 97.25% (hot, low pressure)
Heat Exchanger Outlet (Exhaust) – – 2.75% (steam condensed) 97.25% (to compressor-pump)
Compressor-Pump Outlet – – 94% (to heat exchanger) 3.25% (CCS/CCUS)
Heat Exchanger Inlet (Recycle) – – 94% (compressed)
Heat Exchanger Outlet (Recycle) – – 94% (hot, compressed, to be recycled)


In order for the system to reach a high thermal efficiency, a close temperature approach is needed on the high-temperature side of the primary heat exchanger. Due to the cooling process employed at the compression and pumping stage of the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, a large energy imbalance would typically exist in the cycle between the cooling expander exhaust flow and the reheating CO2 recycle flow.

The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle corrects this imbalance through the incorporation of low-grade heat at the low-temperature end of the recuperative heat exchanger.  Due to the low temperatures at the cool end of the cycle, this low-grade heat only needs to be in the range of 100°C to 400°C.  A convenient source of this heat is the Air Separation Unit (ASU) required for the oxy-fuel combustion regime, as can be seen in Figure 1.

This basic configuration, when burning natural gas as a fuel, has been modeled to achieve an efficiency up to 60% (LHV) as a power cycle net of all parasitic loads, including the energy-intensive ASU. Despite its novelty, the components required by this cycle are all currently commercially available, with the exception of the combustion turbine package. The turbine relies on well-proven technologies and approaches used by existing gas and steam turbine design tools.[10][11]

Applications

Construction began in March of 2016 in La Porte, Texas on a 50 MWth industrial test facility that would showcase the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, with construction completed in 2017. In 2018, the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle and supporting technologies were validated at this demonstration plant, which now serves as a test facility,[12] allowing OEMs to certify components for use with future Allam-Fetvedt Cycle plants. This test facility is owned and operated by NET Power, which is owned by Exelon Corporation, McDermott International Ltd, Occidental Pertroleum Corporation (Oxy) Low Carbon Ventures, and 8 Rivers Capital.   In recognition of the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle test facility in La Porte, Texas, NET Power was awarded the 2018 International Excellence in Energy Breakthrough Technological Project of the Year at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (ADIPEC).[13]

See also

References
  1. "The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle and NET Power". 8rivers.com. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  2. "2018". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  3. "Breaking ground for a groundbreaker: the first Allam Cycle power plant". Modern Power Systems. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  4. Isles, Junior (2014). "Gearing up for a new supercritical CO2 power cycle system" (PDF). Gas Turbine World. 44 (6). Pequot Publishing. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  5. Grant, Annalee (6 March 2015). "Exelon, NET Power confident in planned carbon capture pilot project in Texas". SNL. S&P Global. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  6. Dodge, Edward (14 November 2014). "CCS Breakthrough: sCO2 Power Cycles Offer Improved Efficiency and Integrated Carbon Capture". Breaking Energy. Breaking Media. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  7. "The Allam Cycle and NET Power". 8 Rivers Capital. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  8. "Technology". NetPower. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  9. "NET Power's CO2 cycle: the breakthrough that CCS needs". Modern Power Systems. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  10. Allam, Rodney; Martin, Scott; Forrest, Brock; Fetvedt, Jeremy; Lu, Xijia; Freed, David; Brown, G. William; Sasaki, Takashi; Itoh, Masao; Manning, James (2017-07-01). "Demonstration of the Allam Cycle: An Update on the Development Status of a High Efficiency Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Process Employing Full Carbon Capture". Energy Procedia. 13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-13, 14-18 November 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland. 114: 5948–5966. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1731. ISSN 1876-6102.
  11. Lu, Xijia; Forrest, Brock; Martin, Scott; Fetvedt, Jeremy; McGroddy, Michael; Freed, David (2016-09-20). "Integration and Optimization of Coal Gasification Systems With a Near-Zero Emissions Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle". American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection. doi:10.1115/GT2016-58066. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. Rathi, Akshat. "A US startup has lit the first fire in its zero-emissions fossil-fuel power plant". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  13. LLC, NET Power. "NET Power Demonstration Plant Wins 2018 ADIPEC Breakthrough Technological Project of the Year". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
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