Alexander Saeltzer

Alexander Saeltzer (31 July 1814 Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany — 23 September 1883 New York City) was a German-American architect active in New York City in the 1850s and 1860s. His work includes the Anshe Chesed Synagogue (now the Angel Orensanz Center), Academy of Music (New York City), Theatre Francais (New York),[1] the Duncan, Sherman & Company building and the South Wing of the Romanesque revival structure at 425 Lafayette Street built between 1853 and 1881 as the Astor Library (which later merged with the Tilden and Lenox collections to become the New York Public Library).[2][3]

Alexander Saeltzer, about 18-year-old, as carpenter-journeyman. Pastel 1832, painted by Heinrich Müller, Eisenach, Germany

Angel Orensanz Center

Angel Orensanz Center view from first floor

His father, Wilhelm Sältzer (1779–1853), was a brickyard-owner, an architect, a Grand Duke council of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, who also worked as the construction manager in the reconstruction of the Wartburg. Alexander Saeltzer was born in Eisenach, Germany. He studied at Berlin Bauakademie[4] and was a pupil of Karl Friedrich Schinkel.[5] He moved to the U.S. from Berlin.

Synagogue

Saeltzer was engaged in February 1849 to design the synagogue at 172 Norfolk Street[6] in an area of New York known as kleine Deutschland (Little Germany).[7] The synagogue's Gothic Revival style was inspired by the Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, and Friedrichwerdesche Kirche in Berlin.[8][9] According to a 1987 report by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, while Gothic architecture is closely associated with Christianity, it had also become popular with synagogues as Jewish congregations had taken over old church buildings and become accustomed to the style, and viewed it as just as appropriate as any other architectural style.[10]

Debuted with celebration, the layout of the Ten Commandments and the use of stained glass in the synagogue later caused some controversy within the congregation.[7]

Academy of Music

Academy of Music, New York, c.1909

It was the demise of the Astor Opera House that spurred New York's elite to build a new opera house in what was then the more genteel neighborhood of Union Square.[11] Efforts were led by Moses H. Grinnell, who formed a corporation in 1852 to fund the construction of the building. Shares were sold at $1,000 each to raise $200,000.[12] When finished, the building[13] – who was designing the Astor Library at about the same time, and had previously designed Anshe Chesed Synagogue[3][14][15] – was the world's largest opera venue with seats for four thousand arranged on five levels (orchestra, parquette, balcony and first, second and third tiers) and an interior height from floor to dome of 80 feet (24 m).[16] It had a plush interior, and private boxes in the orchestra, but, perhaps due to newspaper editorials questioning the project's republican values,[17] was consciously somewhat less "aristocratized" then the Astor Opera House had been – there, general admissions were relegated to the benches of a "cockloft" reachable only by a narrow stairway, and otherwise isolated from the gentry below, while in the new theatre many of the regular seats were relatively inexpensive.[18] The stage's proscenium opening was 48 feet (15 m), with an additional 35 feet (11 m) in the wings, and a depth of 70 feet (21 m) from the footlights to the back wall. The height of the proscenium opening was 30 feet (9.1 m).[16]

The acoustics were lauded, but seating arrangement and vies came infor criticism.[19]

Astor Library

Astor Library, including later additions by other architects

Saeltzer won the competition to build the library designed the building in Rundbogenstil style, then the prevailing style for public building in Germany.[20] Funding was provided by William B. Astor, son of the library's founder, John Jacob Astor. Astor funded two expansions of the building toward Astor Place by Griffith Thomas from 1856 to 1869 and Thomas Stent from 1879 to 1881.[21] Both large expansions followed Saeltzer's original design making it difficult for an observer to detect that the edifice was built in three stages.

In 1920, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society purchased the building. By 1965 it was in disuse and faced demolition. The Public Theater, then the New York Shakespeare Festival, persuaded the city to purchase it for use as a theater. It was converted for theater use by Giorgio Cavaglieri between 1967 and 1976.[21][22]

The building is a New York City Landmark, designated in 1965.[23] It was one of the first buildings to be recognized as such by the newly formed Landmarks Preservation Commission of New York City, thanks to Joseph Papp's perseverance.[24] In 2009, The Public began its “Going Public” campaign to raise funds for a major renovation of the historic building.[25][26] Groundbreaking for the $35 million renovation occurred on March 9, 2010, with notables such as Liev Schreiber and Philip Seymour Hoffman in attendance.[27] Plans include a renovation of Joe's Pub; the Pub went on a three-month hiatus during the summer of 2011 to allow for construction.[28]

Stereoscopic view of Lyceum Theatre (14th Street Theatre) c.1871

The Repertory Theatre (Fourteenth Street Theatre) in 1936 with added fire escapes, photographed by Berenice Abbott

14th Street Theatre

The Fourteenth Street Theatre was a New York City theatre located at 107 West 14th Street just west of Sixth Avenue.[29] as a home for French language dramas and opera.[30][31]

It opened in 1866 as the Theatre Francais and was renamed the Lyceum in 1871. When J.H. Haverly took it over in 1879, he had renamed it Haverly's 14th Street Theatre. By the mid-1880s, it had become simply the Fourteenth Street Theatre.[32] By the mid-1910s it was being used as a movie theatre, until actress Eva Le Gallienne turned it into the Civic Repertory Theater in 1926. She mounted a number of successful productions, but the Great Depression ended that venture in 1934.[33] The building was demolished in 1938[34][35] or 1948.[30]

Works

Saeltzer was contracted to design the syangogue in 1849. He later designed the Astor Library (now The Public Theater) (1851) and the Academy of Music on Astor Place in 1854.[8][10][36][37] In 1866 he designed the Theatre Francais (New York).

Duncan, Sherman & Company building at 11 Pine Street on the corner of Nassau. Saeltzer used iron in the building and disguised it as stone using scagliola.[38]

Bibliography

Treatise on Acoustics in connection with Ventilation (advertised in Limes Hydraulic Cement and Mortars by Q. A. Gillmore)

References

September 3, 2011 The Lost 1866 Theatre Francais -- 107 West 14th Street Daytonian in Manhattan
Israelowitz, Oscar. "Oscar Israelowitz's Guide to Jewish New York City New York: Israelowitz Pub., 2004
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "Anshe Chesed Synagogue Designation Report" (February 10, 1987)
Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673-1968 by Harry Francis Mallgrave page 150
Free Town Libraries, Their Formation, Management, and History by Edward Edwards page 315
The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited: History and Guide by Joyce Mendelsohn
History: The Symbol That Split the Synagogue Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Summer 2008 by Jenna Weissman Joselit Reform Judaism magazine
Joyce Mendelsohn (2009). The Lower East Side remembered and revisited: A history and guide to a legendary New York neighborhood. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14761-9. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Fodor's 2003 New York City. Fodor's Travel Publications. 2002. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Virginia Kurshan (February 10, 1987). Anshe Slonim Synagogue (original Anshe Chesed Synagogue), 172–176 Norfolk Street, Borough of Manhattan. Built 1849–1850; architect Alexander Saeltzer; Landmark Site: Tax Map Block 355, Lot 41 (PDF) (Report). Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Burrows & Wallace, pp.761–765
"The New Opera-House" (PDF). The New York Times. June 9, 1852.
Mendelsohn p.54
Israelowitz, Oscar. Oscar Israelowitz's Guide to Jewish New York City New York: Israelowitz Pub., 2004.
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report" Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (June 29, 1999)
"Opening of the Academy of Music" (PDF). The New York Times. October 3, 1854.
"The New Opera-House" (PDF). The New York Times. June 12, 1852. Note: This is not the same article as the June 9 one with the same name.
Burrows & Wallace, p.765
Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton byy Vera Brodsky Lawrence
Henry Hobson Richardson and the Small Public Library in America by Kenneth A. Breisch (includes image of architect page 69?)
White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
Dimonstein, Barbaralee. The Landmarks of New York, Harry Abrams, 1998 p. 107
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1., p.64
Epstein, Helen (1996). Joe Papp: An American Life. Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80676-6.
"Enter Theatergoers, Gently Welcomed," Robin Pogrebin, The New York Times, April 27, 2009
Morrone, Francis (2002). The Architectural Guidebook to New York City. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 1-58685-211-6.
Hetrick, Adam.“McDonald, Hoffman, Schreiber, Benanti Attend Public's Groundbreaking; Renovation Details Announced,” Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Playbill.com, April 2011.
“Joe’s Pub Will Take Summer Hiatus as Public Continues Renovations,” Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Playbill.com, April 2011.
Berg, J.C. (9 January 2011). The Fourteenth Street Theater, nycvintageimages.com
The A to Z of American Theater: Modernism By James Fisher, Felicia Hardison Londre pages180, 181
Around Washington Square: An Illustrated History of Greenwich Village by Luther S. Harris pages 106, 64
Steinberg, Mollie B. The history of the Fourteenth street theatre (1931)
(30 May 1942). Producer of Play Found Dead in Hotel, The New York Times
Cooper, Lee E. (1 April 1938). Old Fourteenth St. Theatre to Pass Into Hands of Wreckers on Monday, The New York Times
(3 September 2011). The Lost 1866 Theatre Francais -- 107 West 14th Street, DaytonInManhattan (well researched history blog post)
Carly Berwick (December 19, 1999). "Lower East Side; A Synagogue's Artistic Route to a Rebirth". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
Robert Kahn (2002). New York City. New York Review of Books. ISBN 1-892145-08-1. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Country, Park and City: The Architecture and Life of Calvert Vaux by Francis R. Kowsky