Albert DeSalvo

Albert Henry DeSalvo (September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973) was an American criminal and serial killer in Boston, Massachusetts who confessed to being the "Boston Strangler", the murderer of 13 women in the Boston area from 1962 to 1964. It was widely believed that DeSalvo was imprisoned for a series of rapes. However, his murder confession has been disputed, and debate continues as to which crimes he actually committed.

Albert DeSalvo
DeSalvo after escaping Bridgewater State Hospital and being caught in Lynn, Massachusetts in 1967
Born
Albert Henry DeSalvo

(1931-09-03)September 3, 1931
Chelsea, Massachusetts
DiedNovember 25, 1973(1973-11-25) (aged 42)
Walpole, Massachusetts
Cause of deathStabbing
Other namesThe Boston Strangler
Mad Strangler of Boston
The Measuring Man
The Green Man
Criminal penaltyLife imprisonment
Details
Victims13
Span of crimes
June 14, 1962 – January 4, 1964
CountryUnited States
State(s)Massachusetts
Date apprehended
October 27, 1964

In July 2013, DNA was matched between seminal fluid found at the rape and murder of Mary Sullivan and DNA obtained from DeSalvo's nephew, linking DeSalvo to the murder of Sullivan and excluding 99.9% of the remaining population.[1] Authorities exhumed DeSalvo's remains later that month[2] and confirmed the DNA match.[3]

Early life

DeSalvo was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, to Frank and Charlotte DeSalvo. His father was a violent alcoholic, who at one point knocked out all of his wife's teeth and bent her fingers back until they broke, in front of their children.[4] DeSalvo tortured animals as a child, and began shoplifting and stealing in early adolescence, frequently crossing paths with the law.

In November 1943, the 12-year-old DeSalvo was first arrested for battery and robbery. In December of the same year he was sent to the Lyman School for Boys. In October 1944, he was paroled and started working as a delivery boy. In August 1946, he returned to the Lyman School for stealing an automobile. After completing his second sentence, DeSalvo joined the Army. He was honorably discharged after his first tour of duty. He re-enlisted and, in spite of being tried in a court-martial, DeSalvo was again honorably discharged. DeSalvo served as a Military Police Sergeant with the 2nd Squadron, 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment.[5] Pictures of DeSalvo being arrested on February 25, 1967 show him in U.S. Navy Dress Blue Uniform with Petty Officer 3rd Class (E-4) insignia on his sleeve.[6] At the time of the Boston Strangler murders, DeSalvo lived at 11 Florence Street Park, in Malden, Massachusetts across the street from the junction of Florence and Clement Streets.[7][8][9]

Murders
See also: Boston Strangler

Between June 14, 1962 and January 4, 1964, 13 single women between the ages of 19 and 85 were murdered in the Boston area; they were eventually tied to the Boston Strangler. Most of the women were sexually assaulted in their apartments, and then strangled with articles of clothing. The eldest victim died of a heart attack. Two others were stabbed to death, one of whom was also badly beaten. Without any sign of forced entry into their dwellings, the women were assumed to have either known their killer or voluntarily allowed him into their homes.[10]

Gainsborough Street, site of the first of the Boston Strangler's murders

In the fall of 1964, in addition to the Strangler murders, the police were also trying to solve a series of rapes committed by a man who had been dubbed the "Measuring Man" or the "Green Man". On October 27, 1964, a stranger entered a young woman's home in East Cambridge posing as a detective. He tied his victim to her bed, proceeded to sexually assault her, and suddenly left, saying "I'm sorry" as he went.[11] The woman's description led police to identify the assailant as DeSalvo. When his photo was published, many women identified him as the man who had assaulted them. Earlier on October 27, DeSalvo had posed as a motorist with car trouble and attempted to enter a home in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The owner of the home, future Brockton Police Chief Richard Sproles, became suspicious and ultimately fired a shotgun at DeSalvo.

Under arrest for his role in the "Green Man" rapes, DeSalvo was not suspected of being involved with the murders. Only after he was charged with rape did he give a detailed confession of his activities as the Boston Strangler, both under hypnosis induced by William Joseph Bryan and also without hypnosis during interviews with Assistant Attorney General John Bottomly. He initially confessed to fellow inmate George Nassar, who then notified his attorney, F. Lee Bailey. Bailey took DeSalvo's case. Though there were some inconsistencies, DeSalvo was able to cite details that had not been made public. However, there was no physical evidence to substantiate his confession. As such, he stood trial for earlier, unrelated crimes of robbery and sexual offenses. Bailey brought up the confession to the murders as part of his client's history at the trial as part of an insanity defense, but it was ruled inadmissible by the judge.

For his 1967 trial, DeSalvo's mental state was evaluated by Dr. Harry Kozol, a neurologist who had established the first sex offender treatment center in Massachusetts.[12] Bailey engaged a plea bargain to lock in his client's guilt in exchange for taking the death penalty off the table and also to preserve the possibility of an eventual insanity verdict.[13] Bailey was angered by the jury's decision to put DeSalvo in prison for life: "My goal was to see the Strangler wind up in a hospital, where doctors could try to find out what made him kill. Society is deprived of a study that might help deter other mass killers who lived among us, waiting for the trigger to go off inside them."[14]

Victims
NameAgeDiscovery dateFinding place
Anna Slesers 55 June 14, 1962 77 Gainsborough Street, Boston
Mary Mullen 85 June 28, 1962 1435 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
Nina Nichols 68 June 30, 1962 1940 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
Helen Blake 65 June 30, 1962 73 Newhall Street, Lynn
Ida Irga 75 August 19, 1962 7 Grove Street, Boston
Jane Sullivan 67 August 21, 1962 435 Columbia Road, Boston
Sophie Clark 20 December 5, 1962 315 Huntington Avenue, Boston
Patricia Bissette 23 December 31, 1962 515 Park Drive, Boston
Mary Brown 69 March 6, 1963 319 Park Avenue, Lawrence
Beverly Samans 23 May 6, 1963 4 University Road, Cambridge
Evelyn Corbin 57 September 8, 1963 224 Lafayette Street, Salem
Joann Graff 23 November 23, 1963 54 Essex Street, Lawrence
Mary Sullivan 19 January 4, 1964 44-A Charles Street, Boston

Imprisonment and death

DeSalvo was sentenced to life in prison in 1967. In February of that year, he escaped with two fellow inmates from Bridgewater State Hospital, triggering a full-scale manhunt. A note was found on his bunk addressed to the superintendent. In it, DeSalvo stated he had escaped to focus attention on the conditions in the hospital and his own situation. Three days after the escape he called his lawyer to turn himself in. His lawyer then sent the police to re-arrest him in Lynn, Massachusetts.[15] Following the escape, he was transferred to the maximum security prison known at the time as Walpole, where he later recanted his Strangler confessions.[16]

On November 25, 1973, he was found stabbed to death in the prison infirmary. Robert Wilson, who was associated with the Winter Hill Gang, was tried for DeSalvo's murder, but the trial ended in a hung jury.[17] Bailey later claimed that DeSalvo was killed for selling amphetamines in the prison for less than the inmate-enforced syndicate price.

DeSalvo's papers are housed in the Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. His papers include his correspondence, mainly with the members of the Bailey family, and gifts sent to the Baileys of jewelry and leatherwork crafted by DeSalvo while in prison.[18]

DNA evidence

On July 11, 2013, Boston law enforcement officials announced that DNA evidence had linked DeSalvo to the rape and murder of 19-year-old Mary Sullivan. DeSalvo's remains were exhumed, and the Suffolk District Attorney Daniel F. Conley said he expected investigators to find an exact match when the evidence is compared with his DNA.[19]

On July 19, 2013, Suffolk County DA Daniel F. Conley, Mass. Attorney General Martha Coakley and Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis announced that DNA test results proved DeSalvo was the source of seminal fluid recovered at the scene of Sullivan's 1964 murder.[3]

Controversies

Doubts

Though DeSalvo was conclusively linked to Mary Sullivan's murder, doubts remain as to whether he committed all of the Boston Strangler homicides — and whether another killer could still be at large. When he confessed, people who knew him personally did not believe him capable of the crimes. It was also noted that the women allegedly killed by "The Strangler" were of widely varying ages, social status and ethnicities, and that their deaths involved inconsistent modi operandi.

Susan Kelly, an author who has had access to the files of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' "Strangler Bureau", argued in her book that the murders were the work of several killers, rather than that of a single individual.[20] Another author, former FBI profiler Robert Ressler, has said, "You're putting together so many different patterns [regarding the Boston Strangler murders] that it's inconceivable behaviorally that all these could fit one individual."[21]

In 2000, Elaine Whitfield Sharp, an attorney specializing in forensic cases from Marblehead, Massachusetts, began representing the families of DeSalvo and of Mary A. Sullivan, a 19-year-old who was among the Strangler's final victims in 1964. A former print journalist, Sharp obtained court approval to exhume both Sullivan and DeSalvo for DNA testing, filed several court actions to obtain information and physical evidence from the government, and worked with various film producers to create documentaries so as to better educate the public. Through these efforts, Sharp was able to identify several inconsistencies between DeSalvo's confessions and the crime scene evidence.[1]

For example, DeSalvo did not, as he claimed, strangle Sullivan with his bare hands; instead, she was strangled by ligature. Forensic pathologist Michael Baden noted that DeSalvo incorrectly stated the time of the victim's death—a detail that DeSalvo got wrong in several of the murders, said Susan Kelly. Finally, James Starrs, professor of forensic science at George Washington University, told a news conference that a semen-like substance on her body did not match DeSalvo's DNA and could not associate him with her murder.[22]

The victim's nephew, Casey Sherman, also wrote a book, A Rose for Mary (2003), in which he expanded upon the evidence—and leads from Kelly's book—to conclude that DeSalvo could not be responsible for her death, and to try to determine her killer's identity. Sharp continues to work on the case for the DeSalvo family.[23]

On July 11, 2013, Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley stated that DNA testing had revealed a "familial match" between DeSalvo and forensic evidence in the Sullivan killing, leading authorities to request the exhumation of DeSalvo's body in order to provide a definitive forensic link of DeSalvo to the murder of Mary Sullivan.[24] Nine days later, investigators announced that the comparison of crime scene evidence and DeSalvo's DNA "leaves no doubt that Albert DeSalvo was responsible for the brutal murder of Mary Sullivan".[25]

George Nassar

George Nassar, the inmate DeSalvo reportedly confessed to, is among the suspects in the case.[26] He is currently serving a life sentence for the 1967 shooting death of an Andover, Massachusetts, gas station attendant. In 2008 and again in 2009, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court denied Nassar's appeals of his 1967 conviction.[27][28] In 2006, Nassar argued in court filings that he had been unable to make his case in a previous appeal, because he was in federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas, in the 1980s and therefore did not have access to Massachusetts legal resources.[27] The court noted that Nassar had returned to Massachusetts in 1983, yet he did not plead his case for more than two decades.[27] Nassar also filed a motion for a new trial in Essex County, which was denied,[29] as was his 2011 petition to the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari.[30]

Ames Robey, a former prison psychologist who analyzed both DeSalvo and Nassar, has called Nassar a misogynistic, psychopathic killer and a far more likely suspect in the Strangler murders than DeSalvo.[26] Several followers of the case have also declared Nassar to be the real Strangler, claiming that he fed details of the murders to DeSalvo. DeSalvo, they speculated, knew that he would spend the rest of his life in jail for the "Green Man" attacks, and "confessed" so that Nassar could collect reward money that they would split—thus providing support to DeSalvo's wife and two children. Another motive was his tremendous need for notoriety. DeSalvo hoped that the case would make him world-famous; Robey testified that "Albert so badly wanted to be the Strangler".[26]

In a 1999 interview with The Boston Globe, Nassar denied involvement in the murders, saying that the speculation had destroyed his chances for parole. "I had nothing to do with it," he said, "I'm convicted under the table, behind the scenes."[31]

Other

In 1971, the Texas legislature unanimously passed a resolution honoring DeSalvo for his work in "population control"—after the vote, Waco Representative Tom Moore, Jr. admitted that he had submitted the legislation as an April Fool's Day joke against his colleagues—his declared intent was to prove that they pass legislation with no due diligence given to researching the issues beforehand. Having made his point, he withdrew the resolution.[32]

Film
Music
Other
  • The artist Mark Morrisroe would frequently claim that he was DeSalvo's illegitimate son.[33]

See also

References
  1. Bidgood, Jess (July 11, 2013). "50 Years Later, a Break in a Boston Strangler Case". The New York Times. New York City: New York Times Company. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  2. "Remains unearthed of confessed Boston Strangler". USA Today. Mclean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Associated Press. July 12, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  3. DNA confirms Albert DeSalvo's link to 'Boston Strangler' killing of Mary Sullivan: authorities. NY Daily News archive, retrieved October 17, 2015.
  4. Cawthorne, Nigel (2007). Serial Killers and Mass Murderers: Profiles of the World's Most Barbaric Criminals. Berkeley, California: Ulysses Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1569755785.
  5. "Albert DeSalvo". Eaglehorse.org. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  6. Wallace, Irving; Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Amy (1983). "12 Mass Murderers Who Got Their Start In The U.S. Armed Forces". The Book of Lists 2. New York City: William Morrow & Company, Inc. p. 40. ISBN 978-0688035747.
  7. Lamb, Nathan. "The Malden Strangler? New evidence links local to Boston Strangler victim". Wicked Local. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  8. "Where Did The Suspected Boston Strangler Live In Malden?". Malden, MA Patch. July 11, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  9. O'Brien, Kathryn. "FROM THE VAULT: Recalling the 'Boston Strangler'". Malden Observer. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  10. Grey, Orrin (May 25, 2016). "Who Was the Boston Strangler?". Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post Media Group. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  11. "Albert Henry DeSalvo Trial: 1967 - Sanity Hearing, Final Arguments". Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  12. Carey, Benedict (September 1, 2008). "Harry L. Kozol, 102, Expert in Patty Hearst Trial". The New York Times.
  13. Bardsley, Marilyn (February 23, 2001). "The Boston Strangler — Case Under Review — Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  14. Bardsley, Marilyn (January 10, 1967). "The Boston Strangler — The Jury Speaks — Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  15. ID TV 12-29-14 ep:7 Confessions of The Boston Strangler "The Boston Strangler". Biography. 1987. 34:13 minutes in. The Biography Channel. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  16. Murphy, Bridget (July 11, 2013). "Officials: DNA links DeSalvo to Strangler victim". USA Today. Mclean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  17. "2d Trial of 2 for Conspiring To Kill Strangler a Mistrial". The New York Times. New York City: New York Times Company. Associated Press. March 7, 1975. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  18. "Manuscript Collections". Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections, John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  19. "DNA links DeSalvo to Mary Sullivan's 1964 death". WHDH-TV Boston. July 11, 2013.
  20. Kelly, Susan (October 1995). The Boston Stranglers: The Public Conviction of Albert Desalvo and the True Story of Eleven Shocking Murders. New York City: Citadel. ISBN 1-55972-298-3.
  21. "The Boston Strangler". CBS News. New York City: CBS Corporation. February 14, 2001. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  22. "DNA doubts over Boston Strangler". BBC News. December 6, 2001.
  23. "BostonStrangler.org". BostonStrangler.org. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  24. Abraham, Yvonne. "Body of Albert DeSalvo, self-confessed 'Boston Strangler,' to be exhumed". Boston.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  25. "Boston Strangler DNA tests confirm Albert DeSalvo killed final victim". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. July 19, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  26. Frank, Gerold (1966). The Boston Strangler. New York City: Signet. ISBN 0-451-16625-6.
  27. Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. George Nassar, 450 Mass 1031 (Mass. 2008).
  28. Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. George Nassar, 454 Mass 1008 (Mass. 2009).
  29. Nassar v. District Attorney for Essex County, Massachusetts, et al., 456 Mass 1006 (Mass. 2010).
  30. Nassar v. District Attorney for Essex County, Massachusetts, et al., 131 S.Ct. 1481 (2011).
  31. Lindsay, Jay (February 16, 2008). "Appeal denied for jailhouse confidant of reputed Boston Strangler George Nassar convicted of Lawrence and Andover murders". The Eagle-Tribune. North Andover, Massachusetts: Community Newspaper Holdings. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013.
  32. "Texas Legislature de Salvo Resolution". Snopes.com. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  33. Adams, Brooks (February 28, 2011). "Beautiful, Dangerous People". Art in America. New York City: Art Media Holdings. pp. 127–128. ISSN 0004-3214.

Further reading
  • Albert DeSalvo Papers, Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (view upon appointment)
  • Frank, Gerold. The Boston Strangler. The New American Library, Inc. 1966. ISBN 0-451-16625-6.
  • Junger, Sebastian. A Death in Belmont. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. April 2006. ISBN 0-393-05980-4.
  • Kelly, Susan. The Boston Stranglers: The Public Conviction of Albert Desalvo and the True Story of Eleven Shocking Murders. Citadel. October 1995. ISBN 1-55972-298-3.
  • Landay, William. The Strangler. Dell Publishing. January 2007. ISBN 978-0-385-33615-4.
  • Rogers, Alan. New England Remembers: The Boston Strangler. Commonwealth Editions. May 2006. ISBN 1-889833-52-5.
  • Sherman, Casey and Dick Lehr. A Rose for Mary: The Hunt for the Boston Strangler. Northeastern University Press. September 2003. ISBN 1-55553-578-X.
  • Sherman, Casey and Dick Lehr. Search for the Strangler: My Hunt for Boston's Most Notorious Killer. Grand Central Publishing. April 1, 2005. ISBN 0-446-61468-8.
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