Aharon Roth

Aharon Roth or Aaron Rote (Hebrew: אהרן ראטה‎) known as Reb Arele[1] (1894−1947[2]), was a Hungarian Hasidic rebbe and Talmudic scholar. He first established a Hasidic community he called Shomer Emunim (Guardian of Faith) in the 1920s in Satu Mare and in the 1930s in Berehovo, before he settled in Jerusalem, where he also founded a Hasidic community of the same name. His main work is the two-volume Shomer Emunim, written in 1942 in reaction to the news about the Nazi atrocities in Eastern Europe.

Aharon Roth
Born1894
Uzhhorod
Died1947
Jerusalem

After his death, the sect split into two groups. One, who adopted the name Shomrei Emunim, followed his son, Rabbi Avrohom Chayim (1924 - 2012), the other followed his son-in-law and became known as Toldot Aharon (Generations of Aharon) of which the Toldot Avrohom Yitzchok later split off.

Life

Roth was born in Ungvar, Hungary, today Uzhhorod in the Ukraine, an outsider to the Hasidic world.[3] He was unusually pious and ascetic from an early age. Until the age of 20, he studied Talmud in Vác under Yeshayahu Silberstein, a Hungarian scholar, and then with Hasidic rabbis from Galicia, who had fled to Hungary during World War I, including Yissachar Dov Rokeach of Belz and Tzvi Elimelech Spira of Błażowa.[4] He also spent a period of time in the courtyard of Israel Hager of Viznitz The Author of The Sefer Ahavas Yisrael. Leading to a very strong relationship with the 2 families until today.[5] On the latter's instruction,[6] Roth establish a hasidic community in Satu Mare, where he settled in 1920, a few years after his marriage. In 1925 he went to Jerusalem, where he also gained supporters, and returned to Satu Mare four years later. In 1936 he went to Berehovo (Beregszász) in Czechoslovakia, after the conflict between him and the followers of Satmar's Hasidic rabbi Joel Teitelbaum had escalated to open physical violence. In 1939 Roth settled in Jerusalem, where he again attracted devoted followers.[4] The synagogue he established in the Mea Shearim quarter became known for the ecstatic mood of those who pray there.[1]

After his death in 1947, he was succeeded by his son Abraham Chaim Roth, the rebbe of the Shomre Emunim, and his son-in-law Abraham Isaac Kohn, who became the rebbe of the Toldot Aharon group.[6]

Views

Roth criticized the struggles and scandals within many of the Hasidic dynasties, accusing them of not following the early tsadikim's emphasis on simple prayer and piety.[4] Rejecting all compromise with modern views and ways of life, he called for repentance, demanded complete adherence to simple faith and ecstatic mode of praying, and expected his Hasidim to support themselves by their own labor.[6] He defined the group as a holy fraternity and gave guidelines for distinctive behavior, dress, and hairstyle, particularly deploring the decline of modesty.[4] He regarded the Holocaust as a punishment for abandoning simple faith and ancient traditions,[6] blaming secularism and Zionism, and maintained that the evilness of the Nazis would not have come to fruition had appropriate standards of dress and conduct been maintained.[4] In this context he cited the Zohar (Noach 66b) which states that when Jews observe the Holy Covenant (Bris Kodesh) properly no other people can have any power over them.[7]

Writings
Sefer Shomer Emunim

Roth was the author of several works of modern-day Hasidic literature:[4]

  • טהרת הקודש‎ (Taharath HaKodesh) (1930) on Hasidic moral development (First Volume Second Volume at HebrewBooks.org);
  • שולחן הטהור‎ (Shulchan HaTahor) (1933) on pious table etiquette and related matters;
  • נועם הלבבות‎ (Noam HaLevavot) (1934) on belief, practice, and repentance (Hebrew text at HebrewBooks.org);
  • שומר אמונים‎ (Shomer Emunim) (1942) which contains the mystical tract Hitragshut HaNefesh (Agitation of the Soul), is a two-volume collection of homilies about faith, providence, reward, punishment and guidelines for pietistic behavior to secure Israel's redemption, written at a time, when news from the Nazi atrocities in Eastern Europe reached the outside world;[8] (First Volume Second Volume at HebrewBooks.org);
  • אוסף מכתבים‎ (Osef Mikhtavim) (1943);
  • מבקש אמונה‎ (Mevakesh Emunah) (1943) Hebrew text at HebrewBooks.org.

His ethical will was published as Kuntres Tsavaah in 1947. His works, including new volumes based on his written manuscripts, continue to be published by his followers.[4] A selection of his writings was published in English translation by Zalman Schachter-Shalomi and Yair Hillel Goelman.[9] [10]

References
  1. Cohen, Jack (2000). Major philosophers of Jewish prayer in the twentieth century. Fordham Univ Press. pp. 80–95. ISBN 0-8232-1957-7.
  2. Some sources have 1944 or 1946 as year of his death.
  3. Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2006). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Infobase Publishing. p. 432. ISBN 0-8160-5457-6.
  4. Ferziger, Adam S. (2008). "Roth, Aharon". In Gershon David Hundert (ed.). The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yale University Press. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  5. https://www.bhol.co.il/news/132993. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. Steinsaltz, Adin (2007). "Roth, Aaron". In Michael Berenbaum; Fred Skolnik (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 17. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 479. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  7. Taharas HaKodesh, v.1 p. 5.
  8. Cohn-Sherbok, Dan; Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia (1995). Jewish & Christian mysticism. An introduction. Gracewing Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 0-85244-259-9.
  9. Schachter-Shalomi, Zalman (2009). Ahron's Heart: The Prayers, Teachings and Letters of Ahrele Roth, a Hasidic Reformer. Ben Yehuda Press. ISBN 978-1-934730-18-8.
  10. Brill, Alan (June 17, 2009). "Reb Zalman's Ah-ha Hasidism". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
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