Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA; 29 U.S.C. § 621 to 29 U.S.C. § 634) is a US labor law that forbids employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in the United States (see 29 U.S.C. § 631). In 1967, the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The ADEA prevents age discrimination and provides equal employment opportunity under conditions that were not explicitly covered in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[1] It also applies to the standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers, and requires that information concerning the needs of older workers be provided to the general public.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Long titleAn act to prohibit age discrimination in employment.
Acronyms (colloquial)ADEA
Enacted bythe 90th United States Congress
EffectiveJune 12, 1968
Citations
Public lawPub.L. 90–202
Statutes at Large81 Stat. 602
Codification
U.S.C. sections created29 U.S.C. §§ 621–634
Legislative history
Major amendments
United States Supreme Court cases

Scope of protection

The ADEA includes a broad ban against age discrimination against workers over the age of forty,[2] and also specifically prohibits:

  • Discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, and termination of employment and layoffs.
  • Statements of specifications in age preference or limitations.
  • Denial of benefits to older employees: an employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers.
  • Since 1986, it has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993.

Mandatory retirement based on age is permitted for:

  • Executives over age 65 in high policy-making positions who are entitled to a pension over a minimum yearly amount.

The ADEA applies to employers who employ at least twenty employees on a regular basis within the current or prior calendar year.[3]

Amendments

The ADEA was amended in 1986, and then again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-166).

Case law

The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act in that the ADEA applies to employers of 20 or more employees (see 29 U.S.C. § 630(b)) rather than 15 or more employees. Both acts do, however, only apply to employers in industries affecting interstate commerce. The 20 employees can include overseas employees.[4]

The ADEA protects US citizens working for US employers operating abroad except where it would violate the laws of that country.[5][6]

An age limit may be legally specified in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a "bona fide occupational qualification [BFOQ] reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business" (see 29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1)). In practice, BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious (hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie) or when public safety is at stake (for example, in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers).

The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one, even when the younger one is over 40 years old.[7]

The United States Supreme Court, in Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, 554 U.S. 84 (2008), held that the employer, not the employee, bears the burden of proving that a layoff or other action that hurts older workers more than others was based not on age but on some other “reasonable factor.”[8]

In Gomez-Perez v. Potter (2008), the Supreme Court allowed federal workers who experience retaliation as a result of reporting age discrimination under the law to sue for damages.[9]

In Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000), the Supreme Court held that state employees cannot sue states for monetary damages under the ADEA in federal court.[10] The EEOC may still enforce the ADEA against states, and state employees may still sue state officials for declaratory and injunctive relief.[11]

In Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., 557 U.S. 167 (2009), the Supreme Court ruled that a plaintiff must prove by that age was the "but for" cause of the challenged employment action.

Babb v. Wilkie is a Supreme Court case which considered the scope and breadth of the ADEA. In it the Court ruled that plaintiffs only need to prove that age was a motivating factor in the decision in order to sue.[12] However, establishing but for causation is still necessary in determining the appropriate remedy. If a plaintiff can establish that the age was the determining factor in the employment outcome, they may be entitled to compensatory damages or other relief relating to the end result of the employment decision.[13][14]

Remedies

ADEA remedies include compensatory and punitive damages for employee or damages if reinstatement is not feasible and/or employer's violation is intentional.

Defenses

Statutory[5] defenses to ADEA claims include:

  • Employers may enforce waivers of age discrimination claims made without EEOC or court approval if the waiver is "knowing or voluntary."[15]
  • Valid arbitration agreements between employers and employees covering the dispute are subject to compulsory arbitration and no court action can be brought.[16]
  • Employers can discharge or discipline an employee for "good cause," regardless of the employee's age.
  • Employers can take an action based on "reasonable factors other than age."
  • Bona fide occupational qualifications, seniority systems, employee benefit or early retirement plans.
  • Voluntary early retirement incentives.

See also

Notes
  1. Glenn, Jeremy J.; Little, Katelan E. (November 2014). "A Study of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967". GPSolo. 31 (6).
  2. Larson, Aaron (July 25, 2016). "Age Discrimination Law". ExpertLaw. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  3. "Thresholds for Coverage Under Employment-Related Laws". Texas Workforce Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  4. Morelli v. Cedel, 141 F.3d 39, 45 (2d Cir. 1998).
  5. See 29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1).
  6. Mahoney v. RFE/RL, Inc., 47 F.3d 447, 449 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
  7. General Dynamics Land Sys., Inc. v. Cline, 540 U.S. 581 (2004).
  8. Greenhouse, Linda (June 20, 2008). "A Supreme Court Victory for Older Workers". New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
  9. Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474 (2008).
  10. Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000).
  11. Feder, Jody. "The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA): A Legal Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, June 23, 2010, p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  12. Babb v. Wilkie, No. 18-882, 589 U.S. ___ (2020).
  13. "Supreme Court to determine whether 'but-for' causation required in federal-sector ADEA claims". Employment Law Daily. July 2, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  14. "BREAKING: Federal Workers Can Sue Over 'Any' Age Bias, Justices Rule". Law360. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  15. Blakeney v. Lomas Information Systems, Inc., 65 F.3d 482, 484 (5th Cir. 1995).
  16. Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 26 (1991).
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