ATVOD

The Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD) was an industry body designated by Ofcom as the "co-regulator" of television on demand (VOD) in the UK[2][5] from 2010 until 2015. ATVOD was founded following a European Union directive on the regulation of audiovisual media. It was responsible for regulating on-demand services such as ITV Player and Channel 4's All 4, as well as paid-for content on websites which are deemed to be "tv-like".[6] ATVOD's role with regard to VOD ended on 31 December 2015,[7] when the function was taken over by Ofcom directly.[8]

The Authority for Television on Demand
AbbreviationATVOD
TypePrivate company limited by guarantee[1]
Legal statusQuango
Purposeindependent co-regulator for the editorial content of UK video on demand services[2]
Headquarters27 Sheet Street, Windsor, UK[3]
Region served
United Kingdom
Independent Chair
Ruth Evans
Independent Deputy Chair
Nigel Walmsley
chief executive officer
Pete Johnson
Robin Foster, Ian McBride, Paul Whiteing, Alexander Kann, Nicola Phillips, James Tatam[4]
Formerly called
The Association for Television On-Demand

Origins

The Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2007 (2007/65/EU) of the European Union was implemented into UK law through Part 4A of the Communications Act 2003.[9] The Directive updated the Television Without Frontiers Directive 1989 (89/552/EEC) to cover the extension of traditional television regulation to TV-like VOD.[10] This directive was implemented in the UK on 19 December 2009 with regulations amending the Communications Act 2003.[11][12][13] As a result, Ofcom consulted with the Department for Culture, Media and Sport about proposals for the creation of a regulator for UK-based VOD.[9]

ATVOD, formerly the Association for Television On-Demand, had originally been created as a self-regulatory industry body with the support and encouragement of the Government.[2] It was chosen to be Ofcom's co-regulator of UK-based VOD in editorial matters and the Advertising Standards Authority was chosen to be Ofcom's co-regulator of UK-based VOD in advertising matters. This arrangement was given legal force when the government issued the Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2010 which came into force on 18 March 2010.[9][12] The Communications Act 2003 was further revised giving ATVOD greater enforcement powers in relation to VOD services.[14][15] Minimum editorial and advertising standards were drawn up and published.

Regulation

Legislation enabled ATVOD to regulate "On-Demand Programme Services" (ODPS) as the body designated by Ofcom. A service was considered an ODPS if it met the following criteria:

  • The principal purpose of the service was the provision of programmes, and
  • the form and content of such programmes were comparable to those normally included in television programme services.
  • The programmes were offered by the service "on-demand". That is, they could be selected by a user, and viewed at a time chosen by the user.
  • The programmes were received by the user through an electronic communications network (including terrestrial broadcast, satellite broadcast, cable network or via Internet Protocol).
  • There was a person who exercised editorial responsibility in selecting and organising the programmes, and
  • That person made the service available for use by the public generally, and
  • That person was under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom as defined by the AVMSD.[16]

Any person who intended to provide an ODPS :

  • Had to give advance notification to ATVOD;
  • Had to pay a fee to ATVOD;
  • Had to retain a copy of all content for 42 days from the date it was last made publicly available;
  • Could not provide material which incited hatred based on race, sex, religion or nationality, nor provide material which might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development of under eighteens;
  • Had to abide by rules on advertising, sponsorship, and product placement, but which Ofcom decided would be regulated by the Advertising Standards Authority rather than ATVOD.[17]

The question as to which services fell under ATVOD's regulation was tested on an ongoing basis. Appeals against ATVOD's decisions were referred to Ofcom.[18] Ofcom ruled that YouTube content did not fall under ATVOD's remit.[19] However, in February 2014 ATVOD determined that the feature film streaming and downloading service provided by Sainsbury's Entertainment did fall under its remit.[15] In contrast, an Ofcom decision in August 2014 determined that The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell, a small-time website providing paid-for bondage and sadomasochistic content, did not constitute TV on-demand.[6]

Sanctions against those who failed to comply with these regulations included fines of up to £250,000, suspension of service and criminal prosecution.[12][20]

Adult websites

In practice the majority of ATVOD's work consisted of regulating UK websites that hosted videos to ensure that services containing adult content could not be accessed by users under 18. In September 2013 it ran a seminar for small businesses to explain VOD regulations.[21] Its Chief Executive Peter Johnson said: “Asking visitors to a website to click an ‘I am 18’ button or enter a date of birth or use a debit card is not sufficient – if they are going to offer explicit sex material they must know that their customers are 18, just as they would in the ‘offline’ world.”[22] ATVOD believed that websites should require the user to supply valid credit card details or other personal information that can be cross-referenced with the electoral roll or another ID database, thus establishing the user's identity.[23] Credit card age-verification alone was unfeasible since children over the age of fourteen but under eighteen could be added to an adult guarantor's account as an additional cardholder.[24] Failure by commercial websites to obtain proof that the user was over 18 before allowing access to adult content was considered by ATVOD to be a breach of the Obscene Publications Act 1959.[25] Johnson considered it possible that the act restricted the activities of adult websites based outside the UK if their content was downloaded within the UK.[26] Johnson has also confirmed that in the case of non-pay sites containing user-uploaded material it was the uploader that was legally responsible rather than the service provider.[27]

ATVOD only had the jurisdiction to take action against websites that were based in the UK. Consequently, in 2013 the regulator proposed the introduction of a new licensing system. Licences would have only been granted to websites that had suitable age checks in place. Unlicensed websites would have had their payments from UK customers blocked.[23] Talks between ATVOD and financial institutions including the Payments Council, the British Bankers Association and the UK Cards Association took place in October 2013. Subsequently, ATVOD provided the UK Government and the European Commission with detailed briefings on policy options.[22][28] In March 2014 ATVOD proposed that legislation should be enacted before the 2015 United Kingdom general election, to forbid credit and debit card operators from processing payments from UK customers to unlicensed websites. This was not done, although the opposition Labour Party expressed support for such legislation.[23] The ASACP described ATVOD's proposed age verification measures as "overbroad" and expressed concern that any consequent legislation could be "overly broad in its definition of adult entertainment content".[29] In November 2014 the Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014 amended the Communications Act 2003 to set out statutory and legal obligations for media distributors of on-demand content. The regulations define the content that can legally be distributed under an R18 certificate and make it a criminal offence to not adequately restrict access to such content to those aged over 18.[30] Further proposals were put forward by the Conservative Party in advance of the 2015 UK general election to give an independent regulator such as ATVOD the legal power to compel internet service providers to block sites which failed to include effective age verification.[31] Provisions regarding the creation of an age-verification regulator and the blocking of non-compliant sites subsequently formed part of the Digital Economy Act 2017. However, the implementation of the proposed UK Internet age verification system was cancelled by the UK government in 2019.[32]

Enforcement

In 2012–13 ATVOD took action against 16 services deemed to be in contravention of the regulations. Ten of these made changes to bring them into compliance and three closed voluntarily. One website was shut down by an Ofcom order after ignoring an ATVOD enforcement notice issued against it.[33] Two services run by Playboy TV UK received fines from Ofcom totalling £100,000.[34] Parts of Playboy TV UK's operations were subsequently moved to Canada, from which it continued to provide services to UK consumers without being regulated by ATVOD.[35]

Consultation and Research

In 2013 ATVOD conducted a survey into how easy the public think it is for under-18s to access hardcore pornography on the Internet and whether the public think that regulation to prevent such access is important. ATVOD subsequently organised a conference for representatives from the UK's adult entertainment industry and children's charities in conjunction with Queen Mary University of London. The conference, entitled For Adults Only? – Protecting Children From Online Porn, met to discuss measures on how to stop young people accessing pornography online.[36] Industry representatives the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection and the Free Speech Coalition called for a public education campaign instead of blanket censorship, such as ISP blocking, based on the findings of their own report Protecting Children in the Digital Age.[37] Campaign group Sex & Censorship questioned the presumption of the conference, pointing out that there is no evidence that online pornography is harmful and that inappropriate regulation could be counter-productive to child safety.[36]

In 2014 ATVOD published the results of research carried out in December 2013, tracking the actions of 45,000 UK internet users under the age of 18. Of those sampled, 10% of under-18s, 6% of under-16s, and 3% of under-12s who used the Internet during that month accessed an adult internet service at some point.[38] The definition of an adult website in the survey was broad, including the sex toy and lingerie retailer Ann Summers.[39] Concerns were raised about the small sample size associated with users aged under 12. Nielsen Netview, the marketing agency that carried out the survey, commented that: "The sample size for 6–11 year-olds on the panel is very low. Figures for this age range are still reported, but they are always issued with a 'health warning' as being potentially too unstable to accurately project audience size." ATVOD confirmed that: "Sample sizes for the youngest children (6–11) are relatively small and figures for this age group should be treated with caution as they may exhibit large changes month to month... These demographics do not meet minimum sample size standards."[40]

Criticism
  • The AVMSD was criticised by the Confederation of British Industry in 2006 for its potential to stifle the development of VOD in the UK.[41]
  • In 2011 ATVOD wrote to several UK newspapers claiming that their websites came under its regulatory ambit despite the fact that the AVMSD expressly excluded electronic versions of newspapers and magazines from its scope.[20]
  • Also in 2011 the UK VOD industry expressed concerns over the level of fees charged by ATVOD. The fees were considered to be both disproportionate to the service ATVOD provided and much greater than those charged in the rest of the European Union.[42] As a result, ATVOD consulted over the level of fees in 2013 and introduced concessionary rates for small-scale providers.[43]
  • The Open Rights Group criticised the lack of transparency regarding the 2013 talks between ATVOD and financial institutions and consequent recommendations to government, calling for the process come under parliamentary scrutiny.[25]
  • There was controversy over ATVOD's process of selecting websites for enforcement action. Itziar Bilbao Urrutia of The Urban Chick Supremacy Cell has said "whenever I see who has been reported to ATVOD, it is usually material that could be classified as kink – especially femdom".[6]

See also

References
  1. "Articles of Association of ATVOD" (PDF). ATVOD. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  2. "About ATVOD". Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  3. Provision of Video on Demand Access Services: 2015 Report (PDF) (Report). ATVOD. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  4. "ATVOD Board". ATVOD. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  5. "Ofcom Designation of the Association for Television on Demand" (PDF). Ofcom. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  6. "Web dominatrix wins David and Goliath battle with regulators". The Independent. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  7. "ATVOD Responds to Ofcom Review Decision". ATVOD. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  8. "Ofcom to take over VoD regulation from ATVOD". Digital TV Europe. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  9. "Review of the Ofcom Designation of the Authority for Television on Demand" (PDF). Ofcom. 15 August 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  10. "Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) What's new?". European Commission. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  11. "History of TVwF – The Television without Frontiers Directive". European Commission. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  12. "Regulation of TV-like Video on demand (VOD) Services". Ofcom Website. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  13. "The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2009". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  14. "The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2010". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  15. "Determination That The Provider Of 'Sainsbury's Entertainment Video on Demand' Was in Breach of ATVOD's Rules" (PDF). The Authority For Video on Demand (ATVOD). 10 February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  16. "The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2009". The National Archives. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  17. "Ofcom Designation of the Advertising Standards Authority" (PDF). Ofcom. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  18. "ATVOD Responds To Ofcom Appeal Decisions on Two UK Adult Websites". ATVOD. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  19. Keelan Balderson (27 June 2014). "UK Agency Looks To Regulate 'TV Like' YouTube Shows?". Social Barrel.
  20. Siobhain Butterworth (7 March 2011). "Why video may kill self-regulation of the press". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  21. "ATVOD Announces Seminar For Small Businesses". ATVOD. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  22. "Pornographer Barred From Providing Video on Demand Service". ATVOD. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  23. "Porn site age-check law demanded by media regulator". BBC News. 28 March 2014.
  24. Myles Jackman. "Don't Criminalise the Selfie Generation". Myles Jackman. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  25. "UK banks discuss plan to ban payments to video websites". City A.M. 11 October 2013.
  26. Myles Jackman (4 December 2014). "The UK's sexist new pornography restrictions aren't just an act of state censorship, but could be the first step towards something even worse". The Independent.
  27. "ATVOD names and shames porn sites, boss says cam girls could be prosecuted". Recombu. 23 September 2013.
  28. "Banks to block internet porn sites". The Telegraph. 19 September 2013.
  29. "ASACP Clarifies Stance on ATVOD's Age Verification Initiative". The Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection. 25 April 2014.
  30. Ed Vaizey (4 November 2014). "The Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014". Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  31. "Tories promise to enforce age limits on online pornography". The Guardian. 4 April 2015.
  32. "UK scraps plan to enforce age checks on pornography websites". New Scientist. 16 October 2019.
  33. John Reynolds (15 November 2013). "Adult video-on-demand website closed for failing to protect children". The Guardian.
  34. "ATVOD Acts to Protect Children from Hardcore Porn on UK VOD Services and Proposes Block on Payments to Non-UK Porn Services". Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD). 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013.
  35. Mayer Nissim (27 September 2013). "Playboy TV wins Ofcom appeal over hardcore porn for British web users". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  36. Sophie Curtis (11 December 2013). "Children's charities lobby to protect kids from online porn". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  37. "Today's UK Online Adult Industry Report calls for an Intensive Public Education Campaign on Child Protection". PR Web. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  38. "44,000 Primary School Children Access Porn Websites in One Month". ATVOD. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
  39. Liat Clark (7 April 2014). "Generation XXX: Why we're afraid of internet porn". Wired.
  40. "For Adults Only? Underage access to online porn" (PDF). ATVOD. 28 March 2014. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014.
  41. "Q&A: EU Audiovisual Media Services directive". BBC News. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  42. Tony Ghee (March 2011). "The Association for Television on Demand (ATVOD) – Land Grabber or Just Plain Needy". Taylor Wessing. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  43. "Regulated Services: Regulatory fees". ATVOD. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
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