ARC3 family

The arsenical resistance-3 (ACR3) family (TC# 2.A.59) is a member of the BART superfamily.[1] Based on operon analyses, ARC3 homologues may function either as secondary carriers or as primary active transporters, similarly to the ArsB and ArsAB families. In the latter case ATP hydrolysis again energizes transport. ARC3 homologues transport the same anions as ArsA/AB homologues, though ArsB homologues are members of the IT Superfamily and homologues of the ARC3 family are within the BART Superfamily suggesting they may not be evolutionarily related.

Structure and Homology

Bacillus ARC3 (ArsB; TC# 2.A.59.1.2) probably has a 10 TMS topology.[2] ACR3 of S. cerevisiae is 404 amino acyl residues long and exhibits 10 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). Homologues are found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (498 aas; gbZ80225), Archaeoglobus fulgidus (370 aas; gbAE001071), Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (365 aas; gbAE000865) and Synechocystis (383 aas; spP74311). Thus, members of the ACR3 family are found in bacteria, archaea and eukarya. Sequence similarity of several members of the ACR3 family with members of the bile acid:Na+ symporter (BASS) family (TC# 2.A.28) is sufficient to establish homology.

Bioinformatic analyses have revealed that some ACR3 porters are involved in operons together with ArsA-like ATPases, implying that some of these porters may be driven by ATP hydrolysis as primary active transporters.[3] This may occur in addition to or instead of the secondary active transport mechanism established for ACR3 members noted above. Homologous ATPases are found in families TC# 3.A.4, TC# 3.A.19 and TC# 3.A.21 as well as TC# 2.A.59. A region of the ABC ATPase (TC# 3.A.1.26.8; the ribose transporter) shows significant sequence similarity to the ArsA under TC# 3.A.19.1.1 (28% identical; 49% similarity, 0 gaps, e−5) as revealed by TC Blast.[3][4]

Function

Two proteins of the ACR3 family have been functionally characterized. These proteins are the ACR3 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also called the ARR3 protein,[5] and the 'ArsB' protein of Bacillus subtilis.[6] While the nomenclature of the ARC3 ArsB protein overlaps with ArsB of E. coli (ArsB family), it is important to note they are not related. The former yeast protein is present in the plasma membrane and pumps arsenite and antimonite, but not arsenate, tellurite, cadmium or phenylarsine oxide out of the cell in response to the proton motive force (pmf). It uses a proton antiport mechanism to extrude the anions with low affinity.[7] The Bacillus protein exports both arsenite and antimonite. The exact transport mechanism has not established.

The generalized reaction catalyzed by members of the ACR3 family is:[4]

arsenite or antimonite (in) → arsenite or antimonite (out).

See also

Further reading
  • Baker-Austin, C; Dopson, M; Wexler, M; Sawers, RG; Stemmler, A; Rosen, BP; Bond, PL (May 2007). "Extreme arsenic resistance by the acidophilic archaeon 'Ferroplasma acidarmanus' Fer1". Extremophiles. 11 (3): 425–34. doi:10.1007/s00792-006-0052-z. PMID 17268768. S2CID 12982793.
  • Fu, HL; Meng, Y; Ordóñez, E; Villadangos, AF; Bhattacharjee, H; Gil, JA; Mateos, LM; Rosen, BP (24 July 2009). "Properties of arsenite efflux permeases (Acr3) from Alkaliphilus metalliredigens and Corynebacterium glutamicum". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (30): 19887–95. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.011882. PMC 2740414. PMID 19494117.
  • Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, E; Migocka, M; Wawrzycka, D; Markowska, K; Wysocki, R (March 2014). "Multiple cysteine residues are necessary for sorting and transport activity of the arsenite permease Acr3p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1838 (3): 747–55. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.013. PMID 24291645.
  • Ramos, J; Ariño, J; Sychrová, H (April 2011). "Alkali-metal-cation influx and efflux systems in nonconventional yeast species". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 317 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02214.x. PMID 21241357.
  • Villadangos, AF; Fu, HL; Gil, JA; Messens, J; Rosen, BP; Mateos, LM (2 January 2012). "Efflux permease CgAcr3-1 of Corynebacterium glutamicum is an arsenite-specific antiporter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (1): 723–35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.263335. PMC 3249127. PMID 22102279.

References
  1. Mansour, Nahla M.; Sawhney, Mrinalini; Tamang, Dorjee G.; Vogl, Christian; Saier, Milton H. (2007-02-01). "The bile/arsenite/riboflavin transporter (BART) superfamily". The FEBS Journal. 274 (3): 612–629. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05627.x. PMID 17288550. S2CID 12444163.
  2. Aaltonen, Emil K. J.; Silow, Maria (2008-04-01). "Transmembrane topology of the Acr3 family arsenite transporter from Bacillus subtilis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1778 (4): 963–973. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.011. PMID 18088595.
  3. Castillo, Rostislav; Saier, Milton H. (2010-01-01). "Functional Promiscuity of Homologues of the Bacterial ArsA ATPases". International Journal of Microbiology. 2010: 187373. doi:10.1155/2010/187373. PMC 2963123. PMID 20981284.
  4. "2.A.59 The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family". Transporter Classification Database. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  5. Wysocki, R.; Bobrowicz, P.; Ułaszewski, S. (1997-11-28). "The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACR3 gene encodes a putative membrane protein involved in arsenite transport". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (48): 30061–30066. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30061. PMID 9374482.
  6. Sato, T.; Kobayashi, Y. (1998-04-01). "The ars operon in the skin element of Bacillus subtilis confers resistance to arsenate and arsenite". Journal of Bacteriology. 180 (7): 1655–1661. doi:10.1128/JB.180.7.1655-1661.1998. PMC 107075. PMID 9537360.
  7. Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, Ewa; Migocka, Magdalena; Wysocki, Robert (2011-07-01). "Acr3p is a plasma membrane antiporter that catalyzes As(III)/H(+) and Sb(III)/H(+) exchange in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1808 (7): 1855–1859. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.014. PMID 21447319.
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