881 Athene

881 Athene (prov. designation: A917 OD or 1917 CL) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 22 July 1917, by astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany.[1] The likely elongated S/L-type asteroid has a rotation period of 13.9 hours and measures approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology.[3]

881 Athene
Modelled shape of Athene from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered byM. F. Wolf
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date22 July 1917
Designations
(881) Athene
Pronunciation/əˈθiːniː/[2]
Named after
Goddess Athena
(Greek mythology)[3]
A917 OD · 1917 CL
AdjectivesAthenian /əˈθiːniən/
Orbital characteristics [4]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc102.53 yr (37,449 d)
Aphelion3.1510 AU
Perihelion2.0764 AU
2.6137 AU
Eccentricity0.2056
4.23 yr (1,543 d)
121.30°
0° 13m 59.52s / day
Inclination14.191°
277.03°
41.313°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • (123.0°, −58.0°) (λ1/β1)[6]
  • (337.0°, −47.0°) (λ2/β2)[6]
  • 0.237±0.039[8]
  • 0.237±0.012[7]
11.8[1][4]

    Orbit and classification

    Located in or near the orbital region of the Eunomia family,[11] Athene is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[5][6] It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,543 days; semi-major axis of 2.61 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.[4] The body's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory on 8 August 1934, almost 17 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg on 22 July 1917.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after Athena or "Pallas Athene", the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, also known as Minerva in Roman mythology. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 86). Asteroids 93 Minerva and 2 Pallas are both named after the goddess as well.[3]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Athene is a common, stony S-type asteroid, while in the SDSS-based taxonomy, it is an L-type asteroid.[10] In the SMASS-like taxonomic variant of the S3OS2, Athene is an Sl-subtype that transitions between the S-and L-type.[6][9]

    Rotation period

    In August 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Athene was obtained from photometric observations by Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12), Italy, and by Jean-Gabriel Bosch at the Collonges Observatory (178), France. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.895±0.003 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.53±0.01 magnitude, indicative of a non-spherical, elongated shape (U=3−). In September 2010, French amateur astronomer René Roy measured a similar period of 13.881±0.001 hours and an amplitude of 0.39±0.02 (U=2+).[12][11]

    Poles

    Two lightcurves, published in 2016, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring sidereal period of 13.89449±0.00001 and 13.8943±0.0005 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axes of (123.0°, −58.0°) and (337.0°, −47.0°), as well as (115.0°, −77.0°) and (338.0°, −43.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).[6][13][14]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Athene measures (12.04±0.28) and (12.153±0.101) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.237±0.012) and (0.237±0.039), respectively.[7][8] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard Eunomian albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 12.66 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.[11] Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (12.152±2.176 km), (12.369±0.285 km) and (12.671±0.077 km) with corresponding albedos of (0.278±0.128), (0.241±0.044) and (0.2111±0.0234).[6][11]

    References
    1. "881 Athene (A917 OD)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    2. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(881) Athene". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 79. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_882. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 881 Athene (A917 OD)" (2020-02-01 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 881 Athene – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    6. "Asteroid 881 Athene". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    7. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 25 February 2020. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    9. Lazzaro, D.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Mothé-Diniz, T.; Duffard, R.; Florczak, M. (November 2004). "S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids" (PDF). Icarus. 172 (1): 179–220. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..179L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    10. Carvano, J. M.; Hasselmann, P. H.; Lazzaro, D.; Mothé-Diniz, T. (February 2010). "SDSS-based taxonomic classification and orbital distribution of main belt asteroids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 510: 12. Bibcode:2010A&A...510A..43C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913322. Retrieved 27 February 2020. (PDS data set)
    11. "LCDB Data for (881) Athene". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    12. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (881) Athene". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
    13. Ďurech, J.; Hanuš, J.; Oszkiewicz, D.; Vančo, R. (March 2016). "Asteroid models from the Lowell photometric database". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 587: A48. arXiv:1601.02909. Bibcode:2016A&A...587A..48D. ISSN 0004-6361.
    14. Hanuš, J.; Ďurech, J.; Oszkiewicz, D. A.; Behrend, R.; Carry, B.; Delbo, M.; et al. (February 2016). "New and updated convex shape models of asteroids based on optical data from a large collaboration network". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 586: A108. arXiv:1510.07422. Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.108H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527441. ISSN 0004-6361.
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