81P/Wild

Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2 (pronounced "vilt two") (/ˈvɪlt/ VILT), is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild, who discovered it on January 6, 1978, using a 40-cm Schmidt telescope at Zimmerwald, Switzerland.[5]

81P/Wild
Comet Wild 2 (81P/Wild) nucleus in 2004
Discovery
Discovered byPaul Wild
Discovery date1978
Alternative
designations		1978 XI; 1984 XIV;
1990 XXVIII
Orbital characteristics A
EpochMarch 6, 2006
Aphelion5.308 AU
Perihelion1.592 AU
Semi-major axis3.45 AU
Eccentricity0.5384
Orbital period6.408 a
Inclination3.2394°
Jupiter MOID0.012 AU (1,800,000 km)[1]
Last perihelionJuly 20, 2016[2]
February 22, 2010[3]
Next perihelionDecember 15, 2022[4]

For most of its 4.5 billion-year lifetime, Wild 2 probably had a more distant and circular orbit. In September 1974, it passed within one million kilometers of the planet Jupiter, the strong gravitational pull of which perturbed the comet's orbit and brought it into the inner Solar System.[6] Its orbital period changed from 43 years to about 6 years,[6] and its perihelion is now about 1.59 astronomical unit (AU).[4]

Nucleus parameters
  • Dimensions: 5.5 km × 4.0 km × 3.3 km (3.4 mi × 2.5 mi × 2.1 mi)[7]
  • Density: 0.6 g/cm3 (37 lb/cu ft)[8]
  • Mass: 2.3 x 1013 kg (5.1 x 1013 lb)[9]

Exploration
Wild 2 from Earth
Animation of Stardust 's trajectory from 7 February 1999 to 7 April 2011
   Stardust  ·   81P/Wild ·   Earth ·   5535 Annefrank  ·   Tempel 1

NASA's Stardust Mission launched a spacecraft, named Stardust, on February 7, 1999. It flew by Wild 2 on January 2, 2004, and collected particle samples from the comet's coma, which were returned to Earth along with interstellar dust it collected during the journey. Seventy-two close-up shots were taken of Wild 2 by Stardust. They revealed a surface riddled with flat-bottomed depressions, with sheer walls and other features that range from very small to up to 2 kilometres across. These features are believed to be caused by impact craters or gas vents. During Stardust's flyby, at least 10 gas vents were active. The comet itself has a diameter of 5 kilometres.

Stardust's "sample return canister" was reported to be in excellent condition when it landed in Utah, on January 15, 2006. A NASA team analyzed the particle capture cells and removed individual grains of comet and interstellar dust, then sent them to about 150 scientists around the globe.[10] NASA is collaborating with The Planetary Society who will run a project called "Stardust@Home", using volunteers to help locate particles on the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector (SIDC).

As of 2006,[11] the composition of the dust has contained a wide range of organic compounds, including two that contain biologically usable nitrogen. Indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons were found with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. No hydrous silicates or carbonate minerals were detected, which suggests a lack of aqueous processing of Wild 2 dust. Very few pure carbon (CHON) particles were found in the samples returned. A substantial amount of crystalline silicates such as olivine, anorthite and diopside were found,[12] materials only formed at high temperature. This is consistent with previous observations of crystalline silicates both in cometary tails and in circumstellar disks at large distances from the star. Possible explanations for this high temperature material at large distances from Sun were summarised before the Stardust sample return mission by van Boekel et al.:[13]

"Both in the Solar System and in circumstellar disks crystalline silicates are found at large distances from the star. The origin of these silicates is a matter of debate. Although in the hot inner-disk regions crystalline silicates can be produced by means of gas-phase condensation or thermal annealing, the typical grain temperatures in the outer-disk (2–20 au) regions are far below the glass temperature of silicates of approx 1,000 K. The crystals in these regions may have been transported outward through the disk or in an outward-flowing wind.[14] An alternative source of crystalline silicates in the outer disk regions is in situ annealing, for example by shocks or lightning. A third way to produce crystalline silicates is the collisional destruction of large parent bodies in which secondary processing has taken place. We can use the mineralogy of the dust to derive information about the nature of the primary and/or secondary processes the small-grain population has undergone."

Results from a study reported in the September 19, 2008 issue of the journal Science has revealed an oxygen isotope signature in the dust that suggests an unexpected mingling of rocky material between the center and edges of the Solar System. Despite the comet's birth in the icy reaches of outer space beyond Pluto, tiny crystals collected from its halo appear to have been forged in the hotter interior, much closer to the Sun.[15]

In April 2011, scientists from the University of Arizona discovered evidence of the presence of liquid water. They found iron and copper sulfide minerals that must have formed in the presence of water. The discovery is in conflict with the existing paradigm that comets never get warm enough to melt their icy bulk. Either collisions or radiogenic heating might have provided the necessary energy source.[16]

On August 14, 2014, scientists announced the collection of possible interstellar dust particles from the Stardust spacecraft since returning to Earth in 2006.[17][18][19][20]

The Inward Migration of 81P
Year
(epoch)		Semi-major
axis (AU)		Perihelion
(AU)		Aphelion
(AU)
1965134.95[6]21[lower-alpha 1]
1978[4]3.361.495.24
  • Photograph taken by Stardust spacecraft
  • Details of the plume jets
  • Red/green stereo anaglyph
  • Stardust Approach Image

See also

Wild 2 has a similar name to other objects:

Notes
  1. In 1951, comet 81P [1978] was at aphelion 21AU from the Sun.[21]

References
  1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 81P/Wild 2" (last observation: 2016-06-26). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017.
  2. Nakano, Syuichi (December 12, 2009). "81P/Wild 2 (NK 1861)". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  3. Kinoshita, Kazuo (April 13, 2005). "81P past, present and future orbital elements". Comet Orbit. FC2.
  4. "81P/Wild Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  5. Wild, P. (1978). Marsden, B. G. (ed.). "Comet Wild (1978b)". IAU Circular. 3166 (1): 1. Bibcode:1978IAUC.3166....1W.
  6. Kronk, Gary W. (2001–2005). "81P/Wild 2". Cometography.com. Retrieved October 23, 2008. (Cometography Home Page)
  7. "Comet 81P/Wild 2". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  8. Britt, D. T.; Consol-magno SJ, G. J.; Merline, W. J. (2006). "Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  9. Using the volume of an ellipsoid of 5.5×4.0×3.3 km * a rubble pile density of 0.6 g/cm³ yields a mass (m=d*v) of 2.28×1013 kg
  10. Jeffs, William (January 18, 2006). "Scientists Confirm Comet Samples, Briefing Set Thursday". NASA. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  11. McKeegan, K. D.; et al. "Light element isotopic compositions of cometary matter returned by the STARDUST mission" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  12. Stricherz, Vince (March 13, 2006). "Comet from coldest spot in solar system has material from hottest places". University of Washington. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  13. van Boekel, R.; et al. (2004). "The building blocks of planets within the 'terrestrial' region of protoplanetary disks". Nature. ukads.nottingham.ac.uk. 432 (7016): 479–482. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..479V. doi:10.1038/nature03088. PMID 15565147.
  14. Liffman, K.; Brown, M. (1995). "The motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk". Icarus. elsevier.com/. 116 (2): 275–290. Bibcode:1995Icar..116..275L. doi:10.1006/icar.1995.1126.
  15. University of Wisconsin-Madison (September 15, 2008). "Comet Dust Reveals Unexpected Mixing of Solar System". Newswise. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  16. LeBlanc, Cecile (April 7, 2011). "Evidence for liquid water on the surface of Comet Wild-2". Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  17. Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Jeffs, William (August 14, 2014). "Stardust Discovers Potential Interstellar Space Particles". NASA. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  18. Dunn, Marcia (August 14, 2014). "Specks returned from space may be alien visitors". AP News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  19. Hand, Eric (August 14, 2014). "Seven grains of interstellar dust reveal their secrets". Science. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  20. Westphal, Andrew J.; et al. (August 15, 2014). "Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft". Science. 345 (6198): 786–791. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..786W. doi:10.1126/science.1252496. hdl:2381/32470. PMID 25124433.
  21. Horizons output. "Comet 81P/Wild 2 [1978] (SAO/1978)". Retrieved February 26, 2017. (Observer Location:@Sun)
Numbered comets
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