3-j symbol

In quantum mechanics, the Wigner 3-j symbols, also called 3-jm symbols, are an alternative to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients for the purpose of adding angular momenta.[1] While the two approaches address exactly the same physical problem, the 3-j symbols do so more symmetrically.

Mathematical relation to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients

The 3-j symbols are given in terms of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients by

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\equiv {\frac {(-1)^{j_{1}-j_{2}-m_{3}}}{\sqrt {2j_{3}+1}}}\langle j_{1}\,m_{1}\,j_{2}\,m_{2}|j_{3}\,(-m_{3})\rangle .}$

The j and m components are angular-momentum quantum numbers, i.e., every j (and every corresponding m) is either a nonnegative integer or half-odd-integer. The exponent of the sign factor is always an integer, so it remains the same when transposed to the left, and the inverse relation follows upon making the substitution m₃ → −m₃:

${\displaystyle \langle j_{1}\,m_{1}\,j_{2}\,m_{2}|j_{3}\,m_{3}\rangle =(-1)^{-j_{1}+j_{2}-m_{3}}{\sqrt {2j_{3}+1}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&-m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

Definitional relation to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients

The CG coefficients are defined so as to express the addition of two angular momenta in terms of a third:

${\displaystyle |j_{3}\,m_{3}\rangle =\sum _{m_{1}=-j_{1}}^{j_{1}}\sum _{m_{2}=-j_{2}}^{j_{2}}\langle j_{1}\,m_{1}\,j_{2}\,m_{2}|j_{3}\,m_{3}\rangle |j_{1}\,m_{1}\,j_{2}\,m_{2}\rangle .}$

The 3-j symbols, on the other hand, are the coefficients with which three angular momenta must be added so that the resultant is zero:

${\displaystyle \sum _{m_{1}=-j_{1}}^{j_{1}}\sum _{m_{2}=-j_{2}}^{j_{2}}\sum _{m_{3}=-j_{3}}^{j_{3}}|j_{1}m_{1}\rangle |j_{2}m_{2}\rangle |j_{3}m_{3}\rangle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=|0\,0\rangle .}$

Here ${\displaystyle |0\,0\rangle }$ is the zero-angular-momentum state (${\displaystyle j=m=0}$). It is apparent that the 3-j symbol treats all three angular momenta involved in the addition problem on an equal footing and is therefore more symmetrical than the CG coefficient.

Since the state ${\displaystyle |0\,0\rangle }$ is unchanged by rotation, one also says that the contraction of the product of three rotational states with a 3-j symbol is invariant under rotations.

Selection rules

The Wigner 3-j symbol is zero unless all these conditions are satisfied:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&m_{i}\in \{-j_{i},-j_{i}+1,-j_{i}+2,\ldots ,j_{i}\}\quad (i=1,2,3),\\&m_{1}+m_{2}+m_{3}=0,\\&|j_{1}-j_{2}|\leq j_{3}\leq j_{1}+j_{2},\\&(j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}){\text{ is an integer (and, moreover, an even integer if }}m_{1}=m_{2}=m_{3}=0{\text{)}}.\\\end{aligned}}}$

Symmetry properties

A 3-j symbol is invariant under an even permutation of its columns:

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}j_{2}&j_{3}&j_{1}\\m_{2}&m_{3}&m_{1}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}j_{3}&j_{1}&j_{2}\\m_{3}&m_{1}&m_{2}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

An odd permutation of the columns gives a phase factor:

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{2}&j_{1}&j_{3}\\m_{2}&m_{1}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{3}&j_{2}\\m_{1}&m_{3}&m_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{3}&j_{2}&j_{1}\\m_{3}&m_{2}&m_{1}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

Changing the sign of the ${\displaystyle m}$ quantum numbers (time reversal) also gives a phase:

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\-m_{1}&-m_{2}&-m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

The 3-j symbols also have so-called Regge symmetries, which are not due to permutations or time reversal.[2] These symmetries are:

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&{\frac {j_{2}+j_{3}-m_{1}}{2}}&{\frac {j_{2}+j_{3}+m_{1}}{2}}\\j_{3}-j_{2}&{\frac {j_{2}-j_{3}-m_{1}}{2}}-m_{3}&{\frac {j_{2}-j_{3}+m_{1}}{2}}+m_{3}\end{pmatrix}},}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {j_{2}+j_{3}+m_{1}}{2}}&{\frac {j_{1}+j_{3}+m_{2}}{2}}&{\frac {j_{1}+j_{2}+m_{3}}{2}}\\j_{1}-{\frac {j_{2}+j_{3}-m_{1}}{2}}&j_{2}-{\frac {j_{1}+j_{3}-m_{2}}{2}}&j_{3}-{\frac {j_{1}+j_{2}-m_{3}}{2}}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

With the Regge symmetries, the 3-j symbol has a total of 72 symmetries. These are best displayed by the definition of a Regge symbol, which is a one-to-one correspondence between it and a 3-j symbol and assumes the properties of a semi-magic square:[3]

${\displaystyle R={\begin{array}{|ccc|}\hline -j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}&j_{1}-j_{2}+j_{3}&j_{1}+j_{2}-j_{3}\\j_{1}-m_{1}&j_{2}-m_{2}&j_{3}-m_{3}\\j_{1}+m_{1}&j_{2}+m_{2}&j_{3}+m_{3}\\\hline \end{array}},}$

whereby the 72 symmetries now correspond to 3! row and 3! column interchanges plus a transposition of the matrix. These facts can be used to devise an effective storage scheme.[4]

Orthogonality relations

A system of two angular momenta with magnitudes j₁ and j₂ can be described either in terms of the uncoupled basis states (labeled by the quantum numbers m₁ and m₂), or the coupled basis states (labeled by j₃ and m₃). The 3-j symbols constitute a unitary transformation between these two bases, and this unitarity implies the orthogonality relations

${\displaystyle (2j_{3}+1)\sum _{m_{1}m_{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j'_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m'_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=\delta _{j_{3},j'_{3}}\delta _{m_{3},m'_{3}}{\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\end{Bmatrix}},}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{j_{3}m_{3}}(2j_{3}+1){\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}'&m_{2}'&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}=\delta _{m_{1},m_{1}'}\delta _{m_{2},m_{2}'}.}$

The triangular delta {j₁ j₂ j₃} is equal to 1 when the triad (j₁, j₂, j₃) satisfies the triangle conditions, and is zero otherwise. The triangular delta itself is sometimes confusingly called[5] a "3-j symbol" (without the m) in analogy to 6-j and 9-j symbols, all of which are irreducible summations of 3-jm symbols where no m variables remain.

Relation to spherical harmonics

The 3-jm symbols give the integral of the products of three spherical harmonics

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int Y_{l_{1}m_{1}}(\theta ,\varphi )Y_{l_{2}m_{2}}(\theta ,\varphi )Y_{l_{3}m_{3}}(\theta ,\varphi )\,\sin \theta \,\mathrm {d} \theta \,\mathrm {d} \varphi \\&\quad ={\sqrt {\frac {(2l_{1}+1)(2l_{2}+1)(2l_{3}+1)}{4\pi }}}{\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}$

with ${\displaystyle l_{1}}$, ${\displaystyle l_{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle l_{3}}$ integers.

Relation to integrals of spin-weighted spherical harmonics

Similar relations exist for the spin-weighted spherical harmonics if ${\displaystyle s_{1}+s_{2}+s_{3}=0}$:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int d\mathbf {\hat {n}} \,_{s_{1}}\!Y_{j_{1}m_{1}}(\mathbf {\hat {n}} )\,_{s_{2}}\!Y_{j_{2}m_{2}}(\mathbf {\hat {n}} )\,_{s_{3}}\!Y_{j_{3}m_{3}}(\mathbf {\hat {n}} )\\&\quad ={\sqrt {\frac {(2j_{1}+1)(2j_{2}+1)(2j_{3}+1)}{4\pi }}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\-s_{1}&-s_{2}&-s_{3}\end{pmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}}$

Recursion relations

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{-}{\sqrt {(l_{3}\mp s_{3})(l_{3}\pm s_{3}+1)}}{\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\s_{1}&s_{2}&s_{3}\pm 1\end{pmatrix}}=\\&\quad ={\sqrt {(l_{1}\mp s_{1})(l_{1}\pm s_{1}+1)}}{\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\s_{1}\pm 1&s_{2}&s_{3}\end{pmatrix}}+{\sqrt {(l_{2}\mp s_{2})(l_{2}\pm s_{2}+1)}}{\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\s_{1}&s_{2}\pm 1&s_{3}\end{pmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}}$

Asymptotic expressions

For ${\displaystyle l_{1}\ll l_{2},l_{3}}$ a non-zero 3-j symbol is

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\approx (-1)^{l_{3}+m_{3}}{\frac {d_{m_{1},l_{3}-l_{2}}^{l_{1}}(\theta )}{\sqrt {2l_{3}+1}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle \cos(\theta )=-2m_{3}/(2l_{3}+1)}$, and ${\displaystyle d_{mn}^{l}}$ is a Wigner function. Generally a better approximation obeying the Regge symmetry is given by

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}l_{1}&l_{2}&l_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\approx (-1)^{l_{3}+m_{3}}{\frac {d_{m_{1},l_{3}-l_{2}}^{l_{1}}(\theta )}{\sqrt {l_{2}+l_{3}+1}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle \cos(\theta )=(m_{2}-m_{3})/(l_{2}+l_{3}+1)}$.

Metric tensor

The following quantity acts as a metric tensor in angular-momentum theory and is also known as a Wigner 1-jm symbol:[1]

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}j\\m\quad m'\end{pmatrix}}:={\sqrt {2j+1}}{\begin{pmatrix}j&0&j\\m&0&m'\end{pmatrix}}=(-1)^{j-m'}\delta _{m,-m'}.}$

It can be used to perform time reversal on angular momenta.

Other properties

${\displaystyle \sum _{m}(-1)^{j-m}{\begin{pmatrix}j&j&J\\m&-m&0\end{pmatrix}}={\sqrt {2j+1}}\,\delta _{J,0}.}$

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\int _{-1}^{1}P_{l_{1}}(x)P_{l_{2}}(x)P_{l}(x)\,dx={\begin{pmatrix}l&l_{1}&l_{2}\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}^{2},}$

where P are Legendre polynomials.

Relation to Racah V-coefficients

Wigner 3-j symbols are related to Racah V-coefficients[6] by a simple phase:

${\displaystyle V(j_{1}\,j_{2}\,j_{3};m_{1}\,m_{2}\,m_{3})=(-1)^{j_{1}-j_{2}-j_{3}}{\begin{pmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&j_{3}\\m_{1}&m_{2}&m_{3}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

See also

• Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
• Spherical harmonics
• 6-j symbol
• 9-j symbol

References

1. Wigner, E. P. (1951). "On the Matrices Which Reduce the Kronecker Products of Representations of S. R. Groups". In Wightman, Arthur S. (ed.). The Collected Works of Eugene Paul Wigner. 3. pp. 608–654. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02781-3_42. ISBN 978-3-642-08154-5.
2. Regge, T. (1958). "Symmetry Properties of Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients". Nuovo Cimento. 10 (3): 544. Bibcode:1958NCim...10..544R. doi:10.1007/BF02859841. S2CID 122299161.
3. Rasch, J.; Yu, A. C. H. (2003). "Efficient Storage Scheme for Pre-calculated Wigner 3j, 6j and Gaunt Coefficients". SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 25 (4): 1416–1428. doi:10.1137/s1064827503422932.
4. Rasch, J.; Yu, A. C. H. (2003). "Efficient Storage Scheme for Pre-calculated Wigner 3j, 6j and Gaunt Coefficients". SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 25 (4): 1416–1428. doi:10.1137/s1064827503422932.
5. P. E. S. Wormer; J. Paldus (2006). "Angular Momentum Diagrams". Advances in Quantum Chemistry. Elsevier. 51: 59–124. Bibcode:2006AdQC...51...59W. doi:10.1016/S0065-3276(06)51002-0. ISBN 9780120348510. ISSN 0065-3276.
6. Racah, G. (1942). "Theory of Complex Spectra II". Physical Review. 62 (9–10): 438–462. Bibcode:1942PhRv...62..438R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.62.438.

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External links

• Stone, Anthony. "Wigner coefficient calculator".
• Volya, A. "Clebsch-Gordan, 3-j and 6-j Coefficient Web Calculator". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. (Numerical)
• Stevenson, Paul (2002). "Clebsch-O-Matic". Computer Physics Communications. 147 (3): 853–858. Bibcode:2002CoPhC.147..853S. doi:10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00462-9.
• 369j-symbol calculator at the Plasma Laboratory of Weizmann Institute of Science (Numerical)
• Frederik J Simons: Matlab software archive, the code THREEJ.M
• Sage (mathematics software) Gives exact answer for any value of j, m
• Johansson, H. T.; Forssén, C. "(WIGXJPF)". (accurate; C, fortran, python)
• Johansson, H. T. "(FASTWIGXJ)". (fast lookup, accurate; C, fortran)