2000 Herschel

2000 Herschel, provisional designation 1960 OA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and a tumbling slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers (10 miles) in diameter. It was discovered 29 July 1960, by German astronomer Joachim Schubart at Sonneberg Observatory in eastern Germany.[1] The S-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 130 hours.[5] It was named after astronomer William Herschel.[3]

2000 Herschel
Discovery [1]
Discovered byJ. Schubart
Discovery siteSonneberg Obs.
Discovery date29 July 1960
Designations
(2000) Herschel
Pronunciation/ˈhɜːrʃəl/[2]
Named after
William Herschel [3]
(German-British astronomer)
1960 OA · 1934 NX
main-belt [1][4] · (inner)[5]
Phocaea [6]
Orbital characteristics [4]
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc84.08 yr (30,712 d)
Aphelion3.0885 AU
Perihelion1.6708 AU
2.3796 AU
Eccentricity0.2979
3.67 yr (1,341 d)
293.69°
0° 16m 6.6s / day
Inclination22.819°
291.92°
130.51°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
14.768±0.348 km[7][8]
16.15±3.11 km[9]
16.86±1.17 km[10]
17.385±0.173 km[11]
130±2 h[5][12]
0.1870[11]
0.197[10]
0.24[9]
0.256[7][8]
Tholen = S [4][5]
B–V = 0.893[4]
U–B = 0.494[4]
11.25[1][4][5][7][10][11]
11.42[9]

    Orbit and classification

    Herschel is a member of the Phocaea family (701),[6] a large family of stony asteroids with nearly two thousand known members.[13]:23 It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days; semi-major axis of 2.38 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic.[4] It was first identified as 1934 NX at Johannesburg Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Sonneberg.[1]

    The relatively high orbital eccentricity of this object causes it to come close to the orbit of the planet Mars. This means there is a chance it will eventually collide with the planet, with the odds of a collision estimated at 18% per billion orbits.[14]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named in honour of the English astronomer of German origin William Herschel (1738–1822), who discovered what he called Georgium Sidus (aka Uranus). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4237).[15] While the minor planet with number "1000", 1000 Piazzia, honors the discoverer of the first minor planet, Giuseppe Piazzi, number "2000" does so for Herschel, discoverer of the first telescopic major planet.[3] The asteroid is one of several early "kilo-numbered" minor planets that were dedicated to renowned scientists or institutions including:[16]

    The sequence continues with the asteroids 5000 IAU (for the International Astronomical Union), 6000 United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000 Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and 8000 Isaac Newton (for Isaac Newton),[16] while 9000 Hal (after HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey) and 10000 Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance.

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Herschel is a common S-type asteroid.[4]

    Slow rotator and tumbler

    Analysis of the lightcurve for this object appears to show that it is tumbling, with rotation occurring about the non-principal axis. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 130±3 hours with a high brightness variation of 1.16±0.05 magnitude (U=2).[12] This makes it a slow rotator.[5]

    Diameter and albedo

    The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 16.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.25.[5] According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Herschel measures between 14.768 and 17.385 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1870 and 0.256.[7][8][9][10][11]

    See also

    References
    1. "2000 Herschel (1960 OA)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
    2. "Herschel". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(2000) Herschel". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2000) Herschel. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2001. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2000 Herschel (1960 OA)" (2018-08-12 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
    5. "LCDB Data for (2000) Herschel". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 13 March 2017.
    6. "Asteroid 2000 Herschel – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
    7. Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR–A–COMPIL–5–NEOWISEDIAM–V1.0. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
    8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    9. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
    10. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 31 October 2018. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    11. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. (catalog)
    12. Warner, Brian D. (April 2011). "Upon Further Review: VI. An Examination of Previous Lightcurve Analysis from the Palmer Divide Observatory". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 38 (2): 96–101. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38...96W. ISSN 1052-8091.
    13. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families. Asteroids IV. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131.
    14. Steel, D. I. (August 1985). "Collisions in the solar systems. II - Asteroid impacts upon Mars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 215 (3): 369–381. Bibcode:1985MNRAS.215..369S. doi:10.1093/mnras/215.3.369. ISSN 0035-8711.
    15. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.
    16. Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2010). Asteroids, Meteorites, and Comets. p. 96. ISBN 9781438131863.
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