2-Nitrochlorobenzene

2-Nitrochlorobenzene
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
	Other names 2-Chloronitrobenzene
Identifiers
CAS Number	88-73-3;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:34270;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL53330;
ChemSpider	13853953;
ECHA InfoCard	100.001.686
EC Number	201-854-9;
KEGG	C14407;
PubChem CID	6945;
RTECS number	CZ0875000;
UNII	D1YI9R2K8O;
UN number	1578
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0020280 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C6H4ClNO2/c7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(9)10/h1-4H Key: BFCFYVKQTRLZHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N; InChI=1/C6H4ClNO2/c7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(9)10/h1-4H Key: BFCFYVKQTRLZHA-UHFFFAOYAA;
	SMILES C1=CC=C(C(=C1)[N+](=O)[O-])Cl;
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H4ClNO2
Molar mass	157.55 g·mol−1
Appearance	Yellow crystals
Density	1.368 g/mL
Melting point	33 °C (91 °F; 306 K)
Boiling point	245.5 °C (473.9 °F; 518.6 K)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Solubility in other solvents	Highly soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, and hot ethanol
Hazards
Main hazards	Toxic, Irritant
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H301, H302, H311, H312, H317, H331, H332, H350, H351, H361, H372, H411
GHS precautionary statements	P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+310, P301+312, P302+352, P304+312, P304+340, P308+313, P311, P312, P314, P321, P322, P330, P333+313, P361
Flash point	124 °C (255 °F; 397 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

2-Nitrochlorobenzene is an organic compound with the formula ClC₆H₄NO₂. It is one of three isomeric nitrochlorobenzenes.[1] It is a yellow crystalline solid that is important as a precursor to other compounds due to its two functional groups.

Synthesis

Nitrochlorobenzene is typically synthesized by nitration of chlorobenzene in the presence of sulfuric acid:

C₆H₅Cl + HNO₃ → O₂NC₆H₄Cl + H₂O

This reaction affords a mixture of isomers. Using an acid ratio of 30/56/14, the product mix is typically 34-36% 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 63-65% 4-nitrochlorobenzene, with only about 1% 3-nitrochlorobenzene.

Reactions

Alkylation and electrophilic aromatic substitution can occur at the chlorinated carbon center, and a diverse array of reactions can be carried out using the nitro group.[1] 2-Nitrochlorobenzene can be reduced to the 2-chloroaniline with Fe/HCl mixture, the Bechamp reduction. Treatment of 2-nitrochlorobenzene with sodium methoxide gives 2-nitroanisole.

Applications

2-Nitrochlorobenzene is not valuable in itself but is a precursor to other useful compounds. The compound is particularly useful because both of its reactive sites can be utilized to create further compounds that are mutually ortho. Its derivative 2-chloroaniline is a precursor to 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine, itself a precursor to many dyes and pesticides.

References

Gerald Booth, "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_411

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[Ullmann-1] Gerald Booth, "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_411